Peradilan rakyat di Aceh (1999)People's courts in Aceh (1999)

Pada akhir 1999, di tengah memuncaknya konflik bersenjata, warga di berbagai kabupaten Aceh mengarak, memandikan, mencukur bahkan mencambuk orang yang dituduh berzina, berjudi, mencuri, mengisap ganja atau tidak berpuasa. Forum Peduli Hak Asasi Manusia (FP-HAM) mencatat belasan kasus yang kemudian dibahas Rusjdi Ali Muhammad sebagai fenomena peradilan rakyat. Peristiwa ini mendahului lahirnya qanun-qanun syariat dan menjadi preseden bagi pola main hakim sendiri sesudahnya.

In late 1999, as the armed conflict peaked, residents in several Acehnese districts paraded, doused, shaved and even flogged people accused of adultery, theft, smoking cannabis or not fasting. The Forum Peduli Hak Asasi Manusia (FP-HAM) recorded more than a dozen cases, later discussed by Rusjdi Ali Muhammad as a phenomenon of people's courts. The episode preceded the sharia qanun and set a precedent for later vigilantism.

Pada akhir 1999, ketika konflik antara pemerintah dan Gerakan Aceh Merdeka memuncak dan wibawa aparat negara merosot di banyak tempat, sejumlah komunitas di Aceh menjalankan apa yang kemudian disebut “peradilan rakyat” terhadap orang yang dituduh berbuat maksiat. Forum Peduli Hak Asasi Manusia (FP-HAM) Aceh mencatat delapan belas kasus antara 30 Oktober 1999 dan Januari 2000. Daftar ini dimuat Rusjdi Ali Muhammad dalam Revitalisasi Syariat Islam di Aceh (2003) pada pembahasan tentang fenomena peradilan rakyat, lalu dikutip ulang oleh Khairil Miswar.

Kasus-kasus itu tersebar dari Aceh Selatan sampai Aceh Tengah. Pasangan tanpa ikatan nikah diarak di Kluet Utara dan Tapaktuan; sepasang lainnya digerebek di Ujong Batee, Aceh Besar, dibawa ke meunasah lalu dimandikan. Pengedar dan pengisap ganja diarak di Simpang Tiga (Pidie), Blangpidie dan Meulaboh; pencuri, termasuk pencuri kelapa muda, diarak di Banda Aceh dan Tapaktuan. Di Blangpidie seorang warga diarak karena tidak berpuasa, di Banda Aceh empat perempuan pekerja seks dicukur dan diarak, dan pada 27 November 1999 seorang penzina di Blangpidie dihukum cambuk seratus kali. Banyak kasus terjadi serentak pada 14 Desember 1999 di beberapa kabupaten.

Peradilan rakyat ini berlangsung sebelum perangkat hukum syariat formal tersedia. Qanun-qanun tentang khamar, maisir dan khalwat baru lahir pada 2003, dan hukuman cambuk resmi pertama baru dilaksanakan di Bireuen pada Juni 2005. Rusjdi Ali Muhammad menafsirkannya sebagai akibat kevakuman penegakan hukum yang mendorong masyarakat mencari jalan sendiri untuk menyelesaikan penyimpangan. Khairil Miswar memasukkannya ke dalam silsilah mazhab hamok karena massa bertindak sebagai hakim.

Pola yang tercatat pada 1999, yaitu mengarak, memandikan di meunasah dan mempermalukan di depan umum, muncul kembali dalam banyak kasus penghakiman massa terhadap terduga pelaku khalwat sepanjang 2007–2013. Kesinambungan ini menunjukkan bahwa sebagian praktik penegakan moral di tingkat gampong tidak bermula dari qanun, melainkan mendahuluinya, dan bahwa formalisasi syariat kemudian berhadapan dengan repertoar hukuman informal yang sudah mapan.

In late 1999, as the conflict between the government and the Free Aceh Movement peaked and the authority of the state's apparatus collapsed in many places, a number of communities in Aceh carried out what came to be called “people's courts” against those accused of immorality. The Forum Peduli Hak Asasi Manusia (FP-HAM) in Aceh recorded eighteen cases between 30 October 1999 and January 2000. The list appears in Rusjdi Ali Muhammad's Revitalisasi Syariat Islam di Aceh (2003), in a discussion of the people's-court phenomenon, and was reproduced by Khairil Miswar.

The cases stretched from South Aceh to Central Aceh. Unmarried couples were paraded in Kluet Utara and Tapaktuan; another couple was raided in Ujong Batee, Aceh Besar, taken to the meunasah and doused. Cannabis dealers and smokers were paraded in Simpang Tiga (Pidie), Blangpidie and Meulaboh; thieves, including thieves of young coconuts, were paraded in Banda Aceh and Tapaktuan. In Blangpidie a man was paraded for not fasting, in Banda Aceh four sex workers had their heads shaved and were paraded, and on 27 November 1999 an alleged adulterer in Blangpidie received a hundred lashes. Many incidents took place on the same day, 14 December 1999, in several districts.

These people's courts took place before the instruments of formal sharia existed. The qanun on alcohol, gambling and khalwat were enacted only in 2003, and the first official caning was carried out in Bireuen in June 2005. Rusjdi Ali Muhammad interpreted them as a consequence of a vacuum in law enforcement that pushed communities to find their own ways of dealing with deviance. Khairil Miswar includes them in the genealogy of mazhab hamok because the crowd acted as judge.

The pattern recorded in 1999 (parading, dousing at the meunasah and public humiliation) reappears in many cases of mob judgement against alleged khalwat offenders throughout 2007–2013. This continuity suggests that some village-level moral policing did not originate in the qanun but preceded it, and that formal sharia later had to contend with an established repertoire of informal punishment.

Gagasan kunciKey ideas

Kekosongan hukumLegal vacuum

Melemahnya negara di masa konflik membuka ruang bagi warga untuk menghukum sendiri.The weakening of the state during the conflict opened space for residents to punish on their own.

Mendahului qanunBefore the qanun

Penghukuman moral oleh warga sudah berlangsung sebelum qanun syariat 2002–2003.Moral punishment by residents was already under way before the sharia qanun of 2002–2003.

Repertoar yang bertahanAn enduring repertoire

Mengarak dan memandikan di meunasah terus berulang dalam kasus-kasus sesudahnya.Parading and dousing at the meunasah recur in later cases.

Posisi dalam kerangkaPlace in the framework

Tokoh, lembaga, dan konsep yang paling dekat dengan entri ini, beserta sifat hubungannya.The figures, institutions and concepts closest to this entry, and how they relate to it.

kerangka analisisanalytical frame Mazhab hamok: main hakim sendiri atas nama syariat di AcehMazhab hamok: vigilantism in the name of sharia in Aceh Silsilah main hakim sendiriGenealogy of vigilantism pencatatdocumenter Forum Peduli Hak Asasi Manusia (FP-HAM) dan dokumentasi pelanggaran HAM masa DOMThe Forum Peduli Hak Asasi Manusia (FP-HAM) and the documentation of human rights abuses under the DOM Sumber data kasus 1999Source of the 1999 case data kelanjutancontinuation Penghakiman massa terhadap terduga pelaku khalwat dan pencurianMob judgement of alleged khalwat offenders and thieves Pola serupa pada 2007–2013Similar pattern in 2007–2013

Pertanyaan reflektifReflective question

Apa hubungan antara peradilan rakyat 1999 dan tuntutan politik akan syariat Islam yang kemudian dijawab Jakarta melalui UU No. 44 Tahun 1999 dan UU No. 18 Tahun 2001?How were the people's courts of 1999 related to the political demand for Islamic law that Jakarta subsequently answered with Law No. 44 of 1999 and Law No. 18 of 2001?

Kutip entri ini:Cite this entry: “Peradilan rakyat di Aceh (1999)”, Acehnologi — Gerbang Studi AcehAceh Studies Gateway, https://acehnologi.com/entri/peradilan-rakyat-aceh-1999/