Sultan Alauddin Riayat Syah al-Qahhar
Memerintah sekitar 1537/1539–1571Reigned c. 1537/1539–1571
Sultan Alauddin Riayat Syah (memerintah sekitar 1537/1539–1571) adalah penguasa yang dalam Bustān al-Salāṭīn dipuji karena mengonsolidasikan Kesultanan Aceh: menetapkan adat dan aturan Aceh Darussalam, membangun kota, membuka hubungan dengan Kesultanan Utsmani, dan pertama kali memerangi Portugis di Melaka. Ia dikenang dengan sebutan Marhum Qahhar.
Sultan Alauddin Riayat Syah (r. c. 1537/1539–1571) is the ruler praised in the Bustān al-Salāṭīn for consolidating the Aceh sultanate: establishing the adat and rules of Aceh Darussalam, building the city, opening relations with the Ottoman sultanate, and being the first to fight the Portuguese at Melaka. He is remembered as Marhum Qahhar.
Bustān menempatkannya setelah Sultan ‘Ali Mughayat Syah (1514–1530) dan Sultan Salahuddin (1530–1537/1539). Dari keduanya, ia mendapat porsi pujian terbesar. Ia digambarkan teguh menegakkan aturan dan baik perilakunya, sehingga digelari Marhum Qahhar, ‘almarhum yang menaklukkan’.
Capaiannya menurut Bustān mencakup tiga bidang. Di dalam negeri, ia menetapkan adat dan peraturan Aceh Darussalam dan membangun kota. Di luar negeri, ia memprakarsai hubungan diplomatik dengan Kesultanan Utsmani, adikuasa Islam pada masanya. Di medan perang, ia menjadi sultan pertama yang memerangi Portugis ‘yang kafir’ di Melaka. Bagi Bustān, penaklukan dan ketaatan syariat adalah dua sisi dari raja yang ideal.
Putranya yang ketiga, Sultan Husain bergelar ‘Ali Riayat Syah (1571–1579), dilukiskan saleh, mengasihi rakyat dan ulama, serta penyayang kepada fakir miskin. Pada masanya datang dari Mekkah seorang alim Mesir bermazhab Syafi‘i, Muhammad Azhari yang dikenal sebagai Syekh Nuruddin, yang mengajarkan tasawuf. Kajian modern mencatat bahwa Sultan Husain membangun persekutuan kerajaan-kerajaan Muslim di Semenanjung dan Jawa yang menyerang Portugis di Melaka pada 1573–1574.
Setelah keduanya, Aceh memasuki masa sultan-sultan lemah dan kuatnya para orangkaya. Kontras ini menjelaskan mengapa Bustān mengagungkan raja yang kuat: al-Qahhar menjadi model raja yang menyatukan kekuasaan, adat, dan agama.
The Bustān places him after Sultan ‘Ali Mughayat Syah (1514–1530) and Sultan Salahuddin (1530–1537/1539). Of the two successors he receives the larger share of praise. He is described as firm in upholding the rules and good in conduct, and was therefore called Marhum Qahhar, ‘the late one who conquered’.
His achievements according to the Bustān span three fields. At home, he established the adat and regulations of Aceh Darussalam and built the city. Abroad, he initiated diplomatic relations with the Ottoman sultanate, the Islamic superpower of the age. In war, he was the first sultan to fight the ‘unbelieving’ Portuguese at Melaka. For the Bustān, conquest and obedience to sharia are two sides of the ideal ruler.
His third son, Sultan Husain, titled ‘Ali Riayat Syah (1571–1579), is portrayed as pious, loving his subjects and the ulama, and compassionate to the poor. In his reign there came from Mecca an Egyptian scholar of the Shāfi‘ī school, Muhammad Azhari, known as Shaykh Nur al-Din, who taught Sufism. Modern studies note that Sultan Husain formed an alliance of Muslim kingdoms of the Peninsula and Java that attacked the Portuguese at Melaka in 1573–1574.
After these two, Aceh entered a period of weak sultans and powerful orangkaya. The contrast explains why the Bustān glorifies the strong ruler: al-Qahhar became the model of a king who united power, adat and religion.
Gagasan kunciKey ideas
KonsolidasiConsolidation
Adat, kota, diplomasi, dan perang dibangun bersamaan.Adat, city, diplomacy and war were built together.
Raja penaklukThe conquering king
Gelar Qahhar menandai kekuatan militer.The title Qahhar marks military strength.
Model bagi teksA model for the text
Bustān menjadikannya ukuran raja ideal.The Bustān makes him a measure of the ideal king.
Posisi dalam kerangkaPlace in the framework
Tokoh, lembaga, dan konsep yang paling dekat dengan entri ini, beserta sifat hubungannya.The figures, institutions and concepts closest to this entry, and how they relate to it.
Pertanyaan reflektifReflective question
Mengapa penaklukan dan kesalehan begitu mudah dipadukan dalam citra raja ideal Aceh?Why were conquest and piety so easily combined in the image of Aceh’s ideal ruler?
Kutip entri ini:Cite this entry: “Sultan Alauddin Riayat Syah al-Qahhar”, Acehnologi — Gerbang Studi AcehAceh Studies Gateway, https://acehnologi.com/entri/sultan-alauddin-riayat-syah-al-qahhar/